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Heat Shock Co-Activates Interleukin-8 Transcription

¹ Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, ² Mucosal Biology Research Center, and ³ Cytokine Core Laboratory, University of Maryland School of Medicine; and ⁴ Medicine and Research Services of the Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; and ⁵ Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah

Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Jeffrey D. Hasday, M.D., Health Science Facility-II, rm. S347, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201. E-mail: jhasday{at}umaryland.edu

The heat shock (HS) response is a phylogenetically ancient cellular response to stress, including heat, that shifts gene expression to a set of conserved HS protein (HSP) genes. In our earlier studies, febrile-range hyperthermia (FRH) not only activated HSP gene expression, but also increased expression of CXC chemokines in mice, leading us to hypothesize that the CXC chemokine family of genes might be HS-responsive. To address this hypothesis we analyzed the effect of HS on the expression of IL-8/CXCL-8, a member of the human CXC family of ELR⁺ chemokines. HS markedly enhanced TNF-–induced IL-8 secretion in human A549 respiratory epithelial-like cells and in primary human small airway epithelial cells. IL-8 mRNA was also up-regulated by HS, but the stability of IL-8 mRNA was not affected. TNF-–induced reporter activity of an IL-8 promoter construct IL8^–1471/+44-luc stably transfected in A549 cells was also enhanced by HS. Electrophoretic mobility and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the stress-activated transcription factor heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) binds to at least two putative heat shock response elements (HSE) present in the IL-8 promoter. Deletional reporter constructs lacking either one or both of these sites showed reduced HS responsiveness. Furthermore, depletion of HSF-1 using siRNA also reduced the effects HS on TNF-–induced IL-8 expression, demonstrating that HSF-1 could also act to regulate IL-8 gene transcription. We speculate that during evolution the CXC chemokine genes may have co-opted elements of the HS response to amplify their expression and enhance neutrophil delivery during febrile illnesses.

Key Words: neutrophil • hyperthermia • IL-8 • chemokine • heat shock factor-1

CLINICAL RELEVANCE We have identified IL-8 as a new heat shock–responsive gene, described a novel pattern of heat shock responsiveness, and showed that the IL-8–like chemokine, LIX, exhibits the same pattern of heat shock responsiveness in a mouse lung injury model.